Training NDT Level 2 Material Outline
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)
1. Introduction
a. Brief history of nondestructive testing and liquid penetrant testing
b. Purpose of liquid penetrant testing
c. Basic principles of liquid penetrant testing
d. Types of liquid penetrants commercially available
e. Method of personnel qualification
2. Liquid Penetrant Processing
a. Preparation of parts
b. Adequate lighting
c. Application of penetrant to parts
d. Removal of surface penetrant
e. Developer application and drying
f. Inspection and evaluation
g. Post-cleaning
3. Various Penetrant Testing Methods
a. Current ASTM and ASME standard methods ASTM E 1208, 1209, 1210.
b. Characteristics of each method
c. General applications of each method
4. Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipment
a. Liquid penetrant testing units
b. Lighting for liquid penetrant testing equipment and light meters
c. Materials for liquid penetrant testing
d. Precautions in liquid penetrant testing
5. Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant Testing Method
a. Advantages of various methods
b. Disadvantages of various methods
6. Inspection and Evaluation of Indications
a. General
b. Factors affecting indications
c. Indications from cracks
d. Indications from porosity
e. Indications from specific material forms
f. Evaluation of indications
7. Inspection Procedures and Standards
a. Inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
b. Standards/codes
1. Applicable methods/processes
2. Acceptance criteria
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
1. Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields
a. Theory of magnetic fields
b. Theory of magnetism
c. Terminology associated with magnetic particle testing
2. Characteristics of Magnetic Fields
a. Bar magnet
b. Ring magnet
3. Effect of Discontinuities of Materials
a. Surface cracks
b. Scratches
c. Subsurface defects
4. Magnetization by Means of Electric Currenta.
a. Circular field
b. Longitudinal field
5. Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization
a. Alloy, shape and condition of part
b. Type of magnetizing current
c. Direction of magnetic field
d. Sequence of operations
e. Value of flux density
6. Inspection Materials
a. Wet particles
b. Dry particles
7. Principles of Demagnetization
a. Residual magnetism
b. Reasons for requiring demagnetization
c. Longitudinal and circular residual fields
d. Basic principles of demagnetization
e. Retentivity and coercive force
f. Methods of demagnetization
8. Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment
a. Equipment selection considerations
b. Manual inspection equipment
c. Medium and heavy duty equipment
d. Stationary equipment
e. Mechanized inspection equipment
9. Types of Discontinuities Detected by Magnetic Particle Testing
a. Inclusions
b. Blowholes
c. Porosity
d. Flakes
e. Cracks
f. Pipes
g. Laminations
h. Laps
i. Forging bursts
j. Voids
10. Magnetic Particle Test Indications and Interpretations
a. Indications of nonmetallic inclusions
b. Indications of surface se
c. Indications of cracks
d. Indications of laminations
e. Indications of laps
f. Indications of bursts and flakes
g. Indications of porosity
h. Non-relevant indications
11. Magnetization by Means of Electric Current
a. Circular techniques
b. Longitudinal technique
12. Demagnetization Procedures
a. Need for demagnetization of parts
b. Current, frequency and field orientation
c. Heat factors and precautions
d. Need for collapsing flux fields
13. Equipment
a. Portable type
b. Stationary type
c. Automatic type
d. Liquids and powders
e. Black light type
f. Light sensitive instruments
14. Types of Discontinuities
a. In castings
b. In ingots
c. In wrought sections and parts
d. In welds